Test 4 will cover the lecture notes on chapters 12, 13 & 14.

1). PCR (which copies DNA) uses an enzyme extracted from _1_ living in _2_
    a) plants ; Yellowstone     b) bacteria ; Utah
    c) plants ; Utah            d) bacteria ; Yellowstone

2). Bioprospecting means : ____________________________________________

3). The first living things on earth were __1__ about __2__ ago.
    a) bacteria ; 3.5 million years    b) animals ; 3.5 million years
    c) bacteria ; 3.5 billion years    d) animals ; 3.5 billion years

4). What type of enzymes are used to cut DNA?  ____________________________

5). How long ago did animals first evolve?
    a) 65 million years    b) 200 million years
    c) 600 million years   d) 1.2 billion years

6). What are two examples of plants that reproduce with spores? ____________

7). Aspirin is extracted from:
    a) fungi    b) willow trees   c) periwinkle  d) poppies

8). Vultures in America are more closely related to:
    a) vultures in Asia than storks    b) ospreys than vultures in Asia
    c) storks than vultures in Asia    d) ospreys than storks

9). What is ecology? _________________________________________________


10).What is the best way for estimating the population of birds?
    a)  direct counting       b) sampling small areas 
    c)  mark-recapture        d) shooting them

11).Fruit trees in the rain forest are an example of ____ distribution
    a) random    b) uniform    c) vertical    d) clumped

12). Under ideal conditions, populations grow:
    a) linearly  b) expeditiously    c) exponentially   d) uniformly

13). Demographic transition means: ________________________________________

14). A density dependent factor that can limit population growth is: 
     a) fire    b) freezing weather    c) disease    d) earthquake

15). What is meant by carrying capacity? __________________________________
     _________________________________________________________________


16).What evidence shows that humans are not yet close to the carrying 
    capacity?
     _________________________________________________________________ 
	

17). If the age structure of a country looks like a pyramid (wide at the
     bottom, very narrow at the top), it means that the population is:
     a) dropping       b) stable     c) rising slowly    d) rising rapidly

18). In the USA, the human population is:
     a) dropping     b) stable     c) rising slowly     d) rising rapidly


19). Explain the difference between endangered species and threatened species:
     Endangered: _______________________________________________________
     Threatened: ________________________________________________________

20). How long ago was the extinction that wiped out the dinosaurs?
     a) 4 million years       b) 65 million years
     c) 610 million years     d) 134 million years


21). What percentage of mammals worldwide are in danger of extinction?
     a) 6%      b) 14%      c) 24%      d) 38%


22). If a keystone predator is removed, the number of species  in the area:
     a) increases     b) decreases    c) stays the same     d) fluctuates 

23). Give two examples of introduced species :
     _______________________________________________________________ 

24). In which form does energy typically leave the ecosystem? ________

25). A mouse eats plant seeds. If the mouse is eaten by a snake, and the
     snake in turn is eaten by a hawk, the hawk is a:
     a) producer            b) primary consumer
     c) secondary consumer  d) tertiary consumer

26). Small areas where there are many endangered species are called:
      a) conservation groups      b) biodiversity hotspots
      c) endangered zones         d) overexploitation


27). Which bird was protected on Cape Cod in 1908 but became extinct by 1932?
     __________________________________